The Fascinating History Of Spiral Staircases.

Spiral staircases are not some trendy modern design element. They have been solving architectural problems for well over 7,000 years. 

Ancient Origins: Earlier Than You'd Expect

The oldest evidence of spiral staircase design dates back to 5,378 BC. A terracotta pot found in China displays what appears to be a primitive spiral stair structure—making this invention over 7,000 years old. That's older than the wheel, which probably says something about humanity's need to get upstairs efficiently.

But physical evidence isn't the only clue we have. The Old Testament mentions "winding stairs" in Solomon's Temple, built around 1,000 BC. These biblical references suggest spiral staircases were already established architectural features by that point in history.

Around 480 BC, Temple A at Selinunte in Sicily was constructed with an early form of spiral staircase. The remains are still there today, though they're quite different from what we'd recognise as a modern spiral stair.

The Romans Perfect the Staircase Design

Rome deserves credit for popularising spiral staircases across Europe. The oldest still-standing example can be found at Trajan's Column in Rome, built in 113 AD. Those 185 steps wind up inside the 35-metre column, taking visitors to a platform with panoramic views of the city.

Early spiral staircases were carved directly from stone or marble. They were built into walls to support their weight—a necessary approach given the construction materials available at the time. The freestanding design we know today, with steps mounted around a central newel pole, came later as engineering knowledge improved.

From Roman times onwards, spiral staircases began appearing in buildings across the empire. Their influence spread the design throughout Europe, where it would take on new purposes in the centuries that followed.

Key Periods in Spiral Staircase Development

Period	Innovation	Materials Used
Ancient (5,378 BC onwards)	Basic helical designs, carved structures	Stone, carved into mountainsides
Roman Era (113 AD onwards)	Standardised spiral form, wider adoption	Stone, marble
Medieval (500-1400 AD)	Integration into castle architecture	Stone, built into walls
Renaissance (1400-1600 AD)	Decorative elements, double-helix designs	Stone, increasingly ornate
Victorian Era (1800s)	Mass production begins	Cast iron
Modern Era (1900s onwards)	Affordable, varied designs	Steel, wood, glass, concrete

Medieval Castles, Spiral Staircases and the Defence Myth

During the medieval period, spiral staircases became standard in European castles. For years, historians believed these stairs were designed clockwise specifically to hinder attackers—the theory being that right-handed invaders climbing upwards would have their sword arm pinned against the narrow central column.

It's a compelling story, but recent research suggests it's mostly a myth. Many castles have counterclockwise spiral staircases, and modern historians now believe the primary reasons for their inclusion were practical rather than tactical: they saved space, were structurally sound, and looked impressive.

That said, narrow spiral staircases did make mass assaults impossible. Attackers had to ascend one at a time, which gave defenders an advantage. Some castles reportedly had uneven steps as well—residents knew the pattern and could move quickly, whilst attackers stumbled in the dim light.

Renaissance Elegance and Artistic Expression

By the 16th century, spiral staircases had moved beyond purely functional design. The wealthy merchant class began incorporating them as statement pieces in their homes.

The most famous example is the double-helix staircase at Chateau de Chambord in the Loire Valley. Two spiral staircases intertwine but never meet—a stunning feat of engineering for the early 1500s. Many attribute this design to Leonardo da Vinci, who lived nearby during its construction, though this has never been definitively confirmed.

Churches and cathedrals also made increasing use of spiral stairs. They were ideal for accessing bell towers and spires, but they also added an element of beauty and inspiration to religious architecture. St Paul's Cathedral in London features the Dean's Staircase, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, which ascends to the famous Whispering Gallery.

Even in modern cathedral design, spiral staircases remain prominent. Gaudi's Sagrada Familia in Barcelona features a beautiful stone spiral staircase in its Passion Tower that draws visitors from around the world.

The Industrial Revolution Changes Everything

Victorian Britain saw cast iron spiral staircases become popular for both homes and public buildings. Advancements in metallurgy made it possible to create custom designs with elaborate finishes. These weren't just functional, they were art objects that demonstrated wealth and taste.

The real transformation came in the latter half of the 20th century when steel frame production became cost-effective. Suddenly, spiral staircases were accessible to a much broader market. They appeared in modern houses and apartments with increasing frequency. Steel spiral staircases also became the standard choice for fire escapes in commercial buildings.

Modern Materials and Contemporary Design

Today's spiral staircases can be made from steel, wood, concrete, glass, or combinations of these materials. The design flexibility is remarkable—you can create something that fits virtually any interior style, from industrial minimalism to classical elegance.

Contemporary architects continue to push boundaries with spiral staircase design. In Linzhou, China, a 300-foot spiral staircase was built to give tourists panoramic views of the Taihang Mountains. These modern interpretations show that after thousands of years, architects are still finding new ways to explore this ancient form.

Why Spiral Staircases Remain Popular

The enduring appeal comes down to a few key factors:

• Space efficiency: They require far less floor space than traditional straight staircases

• Visual impact: A well-designed spiral staircase becomes a focal point

• Structural integrity: The central newel provides excellent support

• Versatility: They work in both residential and commercial settings

• Timeless aesthetic: They suit period properties and modern builds equally well

From ancient Rome to contemporary homes, spiral staircases have proved their worth. They're one of those rare designs that manages to be both practical and beautiful—which is probably why they've lasted seven millennia and show no signs of going anywhere.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a spiral staircase and a helical staircase?

The terms are often used interchangeably, but there's a technical difference. A true spiral staircase has a central pole or newel post with treads radiating from it in a circular pattern. A helical staircase follows a helix curve and doesn't necessarily require a central support—the treads can be supported by the outer wall or structure. In practical terms, though, most people call both designs "spiral staircases" and you'd be understood either way.

Are spiral staircases difficult to walk on compared to regular stairs?

It depends on the design. Wider spiral staircases with generous tread depth are quite comfortable to walk on once you're accustomed to them. Narrower designs can be more challenging, especially when carrying objects or for people with mobility issues. The key is proper design—adequate tread width on the walking line (usually measured at a point 12-15 inches from the central pole) makes a significant difference to usability.

Can spiral staircases be used as main staircases in modern buildings?

Absolutely, though building regulations vary by location and must be checked. Many modern homes use spiral staircases as primary access between floors, provided they meet minimum width requirements and safety standards. Commercial buildings often have stricter requirements, particularly regarding fire safety and accessibility. When properly designed to code, spiral staircases function perfectly well as main staircases whilst saving considerable floor space.

Why were spiral staircases built clockwise in medieval times?

Popular belief holds that medieval builders designed clockwise spiral staircases to disadvantage right-handed attackers ascending with swords. However, archaeological evidence shows many medieval castles actually have counterclockwise staircases, which contradicts this theory. Modern historians believe the direction was more likely determined by practical construction considerations, available space, and the preferences of individual builders rather than any universal defensive strategy.

Transform Your Space with Bavari’s Custom Spiral Staircase

Whether you're renovating a period property or adding character to a modern home, a spiral staircase offers both practical benefits and timeless style. At Bavari, we specialise in creating bespoke spiral staircases that combine traditional craftsmanship with contemporary design.

From initial consultation through to installation, our team works with you to create a staircase that perfectly suits your space and needs. Get in touch with us today at www.bavari-stairs.com to discuss how a spiral staircase could transform your property.